Gregory of Nazianzus

Saint Gregory of Nazianzus

Icon of St. Gregory the Theologian
Fresco from Kariye Camii, Istanbul, Turkey
Theologian, Doctor of the Church, Great Hierarch, Cappadocian Father, Ecumenical Teacher
Born AD 329
Arianzum, Cappadocia
Died January 25, 389(389-01-25)
Arianzum, Cappadocia
Venerated in Eastern Christianity, Western Christianity and Oriental Orthodoxy
Canonized pre-congregation
Major shrine Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in the Fanar
Feast Eastern Orthodox Church: January 25 (primary feast day)
January 30 (Three Great Hierarchs)
Roman Catholic Church: January 2 (c. 1500-1969 May 9)
Episcopal Church (USA): May 9
Attributes Vested as a bishop, wearing an omophorion; holding a Gospel Book or scroll. Iconographically, he is depicted as balding with a bushy white beard

Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329[1] – January 25 389 or 390[1]) (also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen) was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age.[2] As a classically trained speaker and philosopher he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church officials.[3]

Gregory made a significant impact on the shape of Trinitarian theology among both Greek- and Latin-speaking theologians, and he is remembered as the "Trinitarian Theologian". Much of his theological work continues to influence modern theologians, especially in regard to the relationship among the three Persons of the Trinity. Along with the two brothers, Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, he is known as one of the Cappadocian Fathers.

Gregory is a saint in both Eastern and Western Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church he is numbered among the Doctors of the Church; in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Catholic Churches he is revered as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs, along with Basil the Great and John Chrysostom.

Contents

Biography

Early life and education

Gregory was born in Arianzus, near Nazianzus, in southwest Cappadocia.[4] His parents, Gregory and Nonna, were wealthy land-owners. In AD 325 Nonna converted her husband to Christianity; he was subsequently ordained as bishop of Nazianzus in 328 or 329.[5] The young Gregory and his brother, Caesarius, first studied at home with their uncle Amphylokhios. Gregory went on to study advanced rhetoric and philosophy in Nazianzus, Caesarea, Alexandria and Athens. While at Athens he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate.[6] In Athens, Gregory studied under the famous rhetoricians Himerius and Proaeresius.[7] Upon finishing his education he taught rhetoric in Athens for a short time.

Priesthood

In 361 Gregory returned to Nazianzus and was ordained a presbyter by his father, who wanted him to assist with caring for local Christians.[8] The younger Gregory, who had been considering a monastic existence, resented his father's decision to force him to choose between priestly services and a solitary existence, calling it an "act of tyranny".[9] Leaving home after a few days, he met his friend Basil at Annesoi, where the two lived as ascetics.[10] However, Basil urged him to return home to assist his father, which he did for the next year. Arriving at Nazianzus, Gregory found the local Christian community split by theological differences and his father accused of heresy by local monks.[11] Gregory helped to heal the division through a combination of personal diplomacy and oratory.

By this time Emperor Julian had publicly declared himself in opposition to Christianity.[12] In response to the emperor's rejection of the Christian faith, Gregory composed his Invectives Against Julian between 362 and 363. Invectives asserts that Christianity will overcome imperfect rulers such as Julian through love and patience. This process as described by Gregory is the public manifestation of the process of deification (theosis), which leads to a spiritual elevation and mystical union with God.[13] Julian resolved in late 362 to vigorously prosecute Gregory and his other Christian critics; however, the emperor perished the following year during a campaign against the Persians.[14] With the death of the emperor, Gregory and the Eastern churches were no longer under the threat of persecution, as the new emperor Jovian was an avowed Christian and supporter of the church.[15]

Gregory spent the next few years combating Arianism, which threatened to divide the region of Cappadocia. In this tense environment Gregory interceded on behalf of his friend Basil with Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (Maritima).[16] The two friends then entered a period of close fraternal cooperation as they participated in a great rhetorical contest of the Caesarean church precipitated by the arrival of accomplished Arian theologians and rhetors.[17] In the subsequent public debates, presided over by agents of the emperor Valens, Gregory and Basil emerged triumphant. This success confirmed for both Gregory and Basil that their futures lay in administration of the church.[17] Basil, who had long displayed inclinations to the episcopacy, was elected bishop of the see of Caesarea in Cappadocia in 370.

Episcopate in Sasima and Nazianzus

Gregory was ordained Bishop of Sasima in 372 by Basil.[18] This was a see newly created by Basil in order to strengthen his position in his dispute with Anthimus, bishop of Tyana.[19] The ambitions of Gregory's father to have his son rise in the church hierarchy and the insistence of his friend Basil convinced Gregory to accept this position despite his reservations. Gregory would later refer to his episcopal ordination as forced upon him by his strong-willed father and Basil.[20] Describing his new bishopric, Gregory lamented how it was nothing more than an "utterly dreadful, pokey little hole; a paltry horse-stop on the main road...devoid of water, vegetation, or the company of gentlemen...this was my Church of Sasima!"[21] He made little effort to administer his new diocese, complaining to Basil that he preferred instead to pursue a contemplative life.[22]

By late 372 Gregory returned to Nazianzus to assist his dying father with the administration of his diocese.[23] This strained his relationship with Basil, who insisted that Gregory assume his post at Sasima. Gregory retorted that he had no intention to continue to play the role of pawn to advance Basil's interests.[24] He instead focused his attention on his new duties as co-adjutor of Nazianzus. It was here that Gregory preached the first of his great episcopal orations.

Following the deaths of his mother and father in 374, Gregory continued to administer the diocese of Nazianzus but refused to be named bishop. Donating most of his inheritance to the needy, he lived an austere existence.[25] At the end of 375 he withdrew to a monastery at Seleukia, living there for three years. Near the end of this period his friend Basil died. Although Gregory's health did not permit him to attend the funeral, he wrote a heartfelt letter of condolence to Basil's brother, Gregory of Nyssa and composed twelve memorial poems dedicated to the memory of his departed friend.

Gregory at Constantinople

Emperor Valens died in 378. The succession of Theodosius I, a steadfast supporter of Nicene orthodoxy, was good news to those who wished to purge Constantinople of Arian and Apollinarian domination.[26] The exiled Nicene party gradually returned to the city. From his deathbed, Basil reminded them of Gregory's capabilities and likely recommended his friend to champion the trinitarian cause in Constantinople.[27]

In 379, the Antioch synod and its archbishop, Meletios, asked Gregory to go to Constantinople to lead a theological campaign to win over that city to Nicene orthodoxy.[28] After much hesitation, Gregory agreed. His cousin Theodosia offered him a villa for his residence; Gregory immediately transformed much of it into a church, naming it Anastasia, "a scene for the resurrection of the faith".[29] From this little chapel he delivered five powerful discourses on Nicene doctrine, explaining the nature of the Trinity and the unity of the Godhead.[30] Refuting the Eunomion denial of the Holy Spirit's divinity, Gregory offered this argument:

“ Look at these facts: Christ is born, the Holy Spirit is His Forerunner. Christ is baptized, the Spirit bears witness to this… Christ works miracles, the Spirit accompanies them. Christ ascends, the Spirit takes His place. What great things are there in the idea of God which are not in His power? What titles appertaining to God do not apply also to Him, except for Unbegotten and Begotten? I tremble when I think of such an abundance of titles, and how many Names they blaspheme, those who revolt against the Spirit![31] ”

Gregory's homilies were well-received and attracted ever-growing crowds to Anastasia. Fearing his popularity, his opponents decided to strike. On the vigil of Easter in 379, an Arian mob burst into his church during worship services, wounding Gregory and killing another bishop. Escaping the mob, Gregory next found himself betrayed by his erstwhile friend, the philosopher Maximus the Cynic. Maximus, who was in secret alliance with Peter, bishop of Alexandria, attempted to seize Gregory's position and have himself ordained bishop of Constantinople.[32] Shocked, Gregory decided to resign his office, but the faction faithful to him induced him to stay and ejected Maximus. However, the episode left him embarrassed and exposed him to criticism as a provincial simpleton unable to cope with intrigues of the imperial city.[32]

Affairs in Constantinople remained confused as Gregory's position was still unofficial and Arian priests occupied many important churches. The arrival of the emperor Theodosius in 380 settled matters in Gregory's favor. The emperor, determined to eliminate Arianism, expelled Bishop Demophilus. Gregory was subsequently enthroned as bishop of Constantinople at the Basilica of the Apostles, replacing Demophilus.[33]

Second Ecumenical Council and retirement to Arianzum

A Byzantine-style icon depicting the Three Holy Hierarchs: (left to right:) Basil the Great, John Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian.

Theodosius wanted to further unify the entire empire behind the orthodox position and decided to convene a church council to resolve matters of faith and discipline.[33] Gregory was of similar mind, wishing to unify Christianity. In the spring of 381 they convened the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which was attended by 150 Eastern bishops. After the death of the presiding bishop, Meletius of Antioch, Gregory was selected to lead the Council. Hoping to reconcile the West with the East, he offered to recognize Paulinus as Patriarch of Antioch. The Egyptian and Macedonian bishops who had supported Maximus's ordination arrived late for the Council. Once there, they refused to recognise Gregory's position as head of the church of Constantinople, arguing that his transfer from the See of Sasima was canonically illegitimate.[34]

Gregory was physically exhausted and worried that he was losing the confidence of the bishops and the emperor.[35] Rather than press his case and risk further division, he decided to resign his office: "Let me be as the Prophet Jonah! I was responsible for the storm, but I would sacrifice myself for the salvation of the ship. Seize me and throw me... I was not happy when I ascended the throne, and gladly would I descend it."[36] He shocked the Council with his surprise resignation and then delivered a dramatic speech to Theodosius asking to be released from his offices. The emperor, moved by his words, applauded, commended his labor and granted his resignation. The Council asked him to appear once more for a farewell ritual and celebratory orations. Gregory used this occasion to deliver a final address (Or. 42) and then departed.[37]

Returning to his homeland of Cappadocia, Gregory once again resumed his position as bishop of Nazianzus. He spent the next year combating the local Appolinarian heretics and struggling with periodic illness. He also began composing De Vita Sua, his autobiographical poem.[38] By the end of 383 he found his health too feeble to cope with episcopal duties. Gregory established Eulalius as bishop of Nazianzus and then withdrew into the solitude of Arianzum. After enjoying five peaceful years in retirement at his family estate, he died on January 25 in 389.

Throughout his life Gregory faced stark choices. Should he pursue studies as a rhetor or philosopher? Would a monastic life be more appropriate than public ministry? Was it better to blaze his own path or follow the course mapped for him by his father and Basil? Gregory's writings illuminate the conflicts which both tormented and motivated him. Biographers suggest that it was this dialectic which defined him, forged his character and inspired his search for meaning and truth.[39]

Legacy

Andrei Rublev, Gregory the Theologian (1408), Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir.

Theological and other works

Gregory's most significant theological contributions arose from his defense of the Nicene doctrine of the Trinity. He is especially noted for his contributions to the field of pneumatology—that is, theology concerning the nature of the Holy Spirit.[40] In this regard, Gregory is the first to use the idea of procession to describe the relationship between the Spirit and the Godhead: "The Holy Spirit is truly Spirit, coming forth from the Father indeed but not after the manner of the Son, for it is not by generation but by procession, since I must coin a word for the sake of clearness."[41] Although Gregory does not fully develop the concept, the idea of procession would shape most later thought about the Holy Spirit.[42]

He emphasized that Jesus did not cease to be God when he became a man, nor did he lose any of his divine attributes when he took on human nature. Furthermore, Gregory asserted that Christ was fully human, including a full human soul. He also proclaimed the eternality of the Holy Spirit, saying that the Holy Spirit's actions were somewhat hidden in the Old Testament but much clearer since the ascension of Jesus into Heaven and the descent of the Holy Spirit at the feast of Pentecost.

In contrast to the Neo-Arian belief that the Son is ahomoios, or "unlike" the Father, and with the Semi-Arian assertion that the Son is homoiousios, or "like" the Father, Gregory and his fellow Cappadocians maintained the Nicaean doctrine of homoousia, or consubstantiality of the Son with the Father.[43] The Cappadocian Fathers asserted that God's nature is unknowable to man; helped to develop the framework of hypostases, or three persons united in a single Godhead; illustrated how Jesus is the eikon of the Father; and explained the concept of theosis, the belief that all Christians can be assimilated with God in "imitation of the incarnate Son as the divine model."[44]

Some of Gregory's theological writings suggest that, like his friend Gregory of Nyssa, he may have supported some form of the doctrine of apocatastasis, the belief that God will bring all of creation into harmony with the Kingdom of Heaven.[45] This led some late-nineteenth century Christian universalists, notably J. W. Hanson and Philip Schaff, to describe Gregory's theology as universalist.[46] This view of Gregory is also held by some modern theologians, such as John Sachs who said that Gregory had "leanings" toward apocatastasis, but in a "cautious, undogmatic" way.[47] However, it is not clear or universally accepted that Gregory held to the doctrine of apocatastasis.[48]

Apart from the several theological discourses, Gregory was also one of the most important early Christian men of letters, a very accomplished orator, perhaps one of the greatest of his time,[49] and also a very prolific poet, writing several poems with theological and moral matter and some with biographical content, about himself and about his friends (one short poem, "Eis ta Emmetra", actually lays down some rules for the composition of poetry).

Influence

Gregory's great nephew Nichobulos served as his literary executor, preserving and editing many of his writings. A cousin, Eulalios, published several of Gregory's more noteworthy works in 391.[50] By 400 Rufinius began translating his orations into Latin. As Gregory's works circulated throughout the empire they influenced theological thought. His orations were cited as authoritative by the First Council of Ephesus in 431. By 451 he was designated Theologus, or Theologian by the Council of Chalcedon[50]- a title held by no others save John the Apostle [51] and Symeon the New Theologian. He is widely quoted by Eastern Orthodox theologians and highly regarded as a defender of the Christian faith. His contributions to Trinitarian theology are also influential and often cited in the Western churches.[52] Paul Tillich credits Gregory of Nazianzus for having "created the definitive formulae for the doctrine of the trinity".[53]

Relics

Following his death, Saint Gregory was buried at Nazianzus. His relics were transferred to Constantinople in 950, into the church of the Holy Apostles. Part of the relics were taken from Constantinople by Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade, in 1204, and ended up in Rome. On November 27, 2004, those relics, along with those of John Chrysostom, were returned to Istanbul - Constantinople by Pope John Paul II, with the Vatican retaining a small portion of both. The relics are now enshrined in the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in the Fanar.[54]

Feast day

In the Roman Catholic calendar of saints Gregory Nazianzen's feast day is on January 2. Previously it was on May 9, a date mistakenly given as that of his death[55] It was ranked as a double in the Tridentine Calendar, becoming a third-class feast in 1960[56] and an obligatory memorial in 1969, all of them equivalent ranks.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate two feast days in honor of Gregory: January 25 as his primary feast and January 30, known as the feast of the Three Great Hierarchs, which commemorates him along with John Chrysoston and Basil of Caesarea.[57][58]

The Church of England commemorates him, with Basil the Great, on January 2; the Episcopal Church commemorates him on March 9.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Liturgy of the Hours Volume I, Proper of Saints, January 2.
  2. ↑ McGuckin, John (2001) Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography, Crestwood, NY, p. xxi
  3. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. xxiv
  4. ↑ Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Gregory of Nazianzus: Rhetor and Philosopher, (Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 18
  5. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. vii
  6. ↑ Ruether (1969), pp. 19, 25
  7. ↑ Hunter-Blair, D.O. The Catholic Encyclopedia, article on Gregory of Nazianzus (Robert Appleton Co, 1910), retrieved online April 2007
  8. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 99–102
  9. ↑ Ruether, (1969), p. 32; quote is from in Migne, J.P. (ed), Patrologiae Graecae (PG), (1857–1866), 37.1053, Carm. de vita sua, l.345
  10. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 102
  11. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 107
  12. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 115
  13. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 121
  14. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 125–26
  15. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 130
  16. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 138–42
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 McGuckin (2001), p. 143
  18. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 190–95
  19. ↑ Hunter-Blair (1910)
  20. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 187–92
  21. ↑ Gregory, as quoted in PG 37.1059–1060, De Vita Sua, vv. 439–446
  22. ↑ Ruether (1969), pp. 38–39
  23. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 199
  24. ↑ Gallay, P. Grigoie de Nazianze, (Paris: 1964), p. 61; Quoting from Ep. 48, PG 37.97
  25. ↑ Hunter-Blair, D.O. (1910)
  26. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 235
  27. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 235–236; see also Orat. 43.2, PG 36.497.
  28. ↑ Ruether (1969), p. 42
  29. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 241; see also 2 Kings 4:8 and Orat. 26.17, PG 35.1249.
  30. ↑ Hunter-Blair, D.O. The Catholic Encyclopedia, article on Gregory of Nazianzus.
  31. ↑ Gregory of Nazianzus, Or. 31:29. The Orthodox Church of America website, retrieved May 2, 2007
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Ruether (1969), p. 43
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Ruether (1969), p. 45
  34. ↑ McGuckin (2001), pp. 358–59
  35. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 359
  36. ↑ PG, 37.1157–9, Carm. de vita sua, ll 1828–55
  37. ↑ McGuckin (2001), p. 361
  38. ↑ Ruether (1969), p. 50
  39. ↑ Ruether (1969) discusses Gregory's conflicted nature. See p. 54 for Ruether's treatment of the subject.
  40. ↑ For example, see Michael O'Carroll, "Gregory of Nazianzus" in Trinitas (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc, 1987).
  41. ↑ Gregory of Nazianzus, Five Theological Orations, oration five. This fifth oration deals entirely with the Holy Spirit.
  42. ↑ See H.E.W. Turner and Francis Young, "Procession(s)" in The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, ed. A. Richardson & J. Bowden (Philadelphia:Westminster Press, 1983). Through Augustine, the idea would develop in the West into "double-procession," resulting in the Filioque clause and the split between Eastern and Western Christianity.
  43. ↑ Børtnes (2006), pp. 9, 10
  44. ↑ Børtnes (2006), p. 10
  45. ↑ "Apocatastasis". New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I.
  46. ↑ Hanson, J.W. Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine Of The Christian Church During Its First Five Hundred Years. Chapter XV: Gregory Nazianzen. Boston and Chicago Universalist Publishing House. 1899.
  47. ↑ Sachs, John R. “Apocatastasis in Patristic Theology.” Theological Studies. 54 (December 1993), p. 632
  48. ↑ For example, David L. Balas, "Apokatastasis" in The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, second edition, ed. Everett Ferguson (New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), which details Gregory of Nyssa's adherence to the doctrine, while making no mention of Nazianzan.
  49. ↑ Børtnes (2006), p. 21
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 McGuckin, (2001), p.xi
  51. ↑ Hunter-Blair, D.O. The Catholic Encyclopedia, article on Gregory of Nazianzus
  52. ↑ For an example, see how the 1992 edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites a variety of Gregory's orations
  53. ↑ Tillich, Paul. A History of Christian Thought, (Simon and Schuster, 1968), p. 76
  54. ↑ Ian Fisher, "Pope returns remains of 2 Orthodox patriarchs" San Diego Union-Tribune online November 28, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2007
  55. ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 84
  56. ↑ General Roman Calendar of 1962
  57. ↑ "St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople". OCA Online Feast Days. Orthodox Church in America. http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100298. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  58. ↑ "Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom". OCA Online Feast Days. Orthodox Church in America. http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 

References

  • Børtnes, Jostein; Tomas Hägg (2006). Gregory of Nazianzus: Images and Reflections. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-635-0386-7. 
  • Wikisource-logo.svg "St. Gregory of Nazianzus" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia..
  • McGuckin, John A. St. Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. Crestwood, NY: 2001, St. Vladimir's Seminar Press. ISBN 0-88141-222-8
  • Migne, J.P. (General Editor). Cursus Completus Patrologiae Graecae. Volumes 35–38. Paris: 1857–66.
  • The Orthodox Church of America website article on St. Gregory the Theologian. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  • Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Gregory of Nazianzus. Oxford: 1969, Oxford University Press.
  • Turner, H.E.W. and Francis Young, "Procession(s)" in The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, ed. A. Richardson & J. Bowden. Philadelphia: 1983, Westminster Press, 1983.

Further reading

  • Michael Azkoul, "St. Gregory the Theologian: Poetry and Faith," Patristic and Byzantine Review 14.1–3 (1995): 59–68.
  • Brian Daley, ed., Gregory Nazianzen. Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 0415121817. pp. 192.
  • K. Demoen, "Biblical vs. Non-Biblical Vocabulary in Gregorius Nazianzenus; a Quantitative Approach," Informatique 2 (1988–89): 243–53.
  • J. Egan, "Gregory of Nazianzus and the Logos Doctrine," J. Plevnic, ed., Word and Spirit: Essays in Honor of David Michael Stanley. Willowdale, ON: 1975. pp. 281–322.
  • Anna-Stina Ellverson, The Dual Nature of Man: A Study in the Theological Anthropology of Gregory of Nazianzus. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1981. ISBN 9155412068. {Amazon.com}
  • Gerald Fitzpatrick, "St Gregory Nazianzen: Education for Salvation," Patristic and Byzantine Review 10.1-2 (1991): 47–55.
  • R.C. Gregg, Consolation Philosophy: Greek and Christian Paideia in Basil and the Two Gregories. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1975. ISBN 0813210003. {Amazon.com}
  • Edward R. Hardy, ed. Christology of the Later Fathers, J. Baillie et al., eds. Library of Christian Classics, Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1995. Pbk. ISBN 0664241522
  • Carol Harrison & Brian Daley (Editor). Gregory Nazianzen. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0415121817
  • V. Harrison, "Some Aspects of Saint Gregory (Nazianzen) the Theologian's Soteriology," Greek Orthodox Theological Review 34 (1989): 19–43/11–18.
  • Susan R. Holman, "Healing the Social Leper in Gregory of Nyssa's and Gregory of Nazianzus's peri philoptochias," Harvard Theological Review 92.3 (1999): 283–309.
  • M. Edmund Hussey,."The Theology of the Holy Spirit in the Writings of St. Gregory of Nazianzus," Diakonia 14.3 (1979): 224–233.
  • Vasiliki Limberis, ."'Religion' as the Cipher for Identity: The Cases of Emperor Julian, Libanius, and Gregory Nazianzus," Harvard Theological Review 93.4 (2000): 373–400.
  • George A. Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric Under Christian Emperors. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. ISBN 0691035652. pp. 215–239. {Amazon.com}
  • N.B. McLynn, "The Other Olympias: Gregory of Nazianzen and the Family of Vitalianus," ZAC 2 (1998): 227–46.
  • Ruth Majercik, "A Reminiscence of the Chaldean Oracles at Gregory of Nazianzus, Or. 29,2," Vigiliae Christianae 52.3 (1998): 286–292.
  • P.J. Maritz, "Logos Articulation in Gregory of Nazianzus," Acta Patristica et Byzantina 6 (1995): 99-108.
  • E.P. Meijuring, "The Doctrine of the Will and the Trinity in the Orations of Gregory of Nazianzus," Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 27.3 (1973): 224–234.
  • Celica Milovanovic-Barham, "Gregory of Nazianzus: Ars Poetica (In suos versus: Carmen 2.1.39)," Journal of Early Christian Studies 5.4 (1997): 497–510.
  • H. Musurillo, "The Poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus," Thought 45 (1970): 45–55.
  • T.A. Noble, "Gregory Nazianzen's Use of Scripture in Defence of the Deity of the Spirit," Tyndale Bulletin 39 (1988): 101–123.
  • F.W. Norris, "Of Thorns and Roses: The Logic of Belief in Gregory of Nazianzen," Church History, Vol. 53 (1984): 455–464.
  • F.W. Norris, "The Tetragrammaton in Gregory Nazianzen (Or. 30.17)," Vigiliae Christianae 43 (1989): 339–44.
  • F.W. Norris, Faith Gives Fullness to Reasoning: The Five Theological Orations of Gregory Nazianzen. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, Vol 13. Leiden: Brill, 1990. ISBN 9004092536. p. 314. {Amazon.com}
  • Jay Wesley Richards, "Can a Male Savior Save Women?: Gregory of Nazianzus on the Logos' Assumption of Human Nature," Christian Scholar's Review 28.1 (1998): 42–57.
  • K. Skurat, "St. Gregory of Nazianzus on Philosophy and Knowledge of God," Journal of Moscow Patriarchate 10 (October 1989): 57–62.
  • Frank Thielman, "The Place of the Apocalypse in the Canon of St Gregory Nazianzen," Tyndale Bulletin 49.1 (1998): 155–157.
  • Steven Peter Tsichlis, "The Nature of Theology in the Theological Orations of St. Gregory Nazianzus," Diakonia 16.3 (1981): 238–246.
  • Raymond Van Dam, "Self-Representation in the Will of Gregory of Nazianzus," Journal of Theological Studies 46.1 (1995): 118–148.
  • Kenneth Paul Wesche, "The Union of God and Man in Jesus Christ in the Thought of Gregory of Nazianzus," St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 28.2 (1984): 83–98.
  • Donald F. Winslow, "Gregory of Nazianzus and Love for the Poor," Anglican Theological Review 47 (1965): 348–359.
  • Donald F. Winslow, The Dynamics of Salvation: A Study in Gregory of Nazianzus. Cambridge, Mass.: North American Patristic Society, 1979. ISBN 0915646064.

External links

Preceded by
Demophilus or
Evagrius		 Archbishop of Constantinople
Disputed by Maximus
379–381		 Succeeded by
Nectarius
Doctors of the Church